![]() During AM symbiosis, fungal hyphae form dichotomously branched structures, named arbuscules, within root cortex cells. Phosphorus contribution through the mycorrhizal pathway can be very high, and, in some instances, can account for the entire phosphorus consumption of a plant. In exchange, the fungus assists the plant with the acquisition of mineral nutrients, mainly phosphorus, whose availability in soils is often a limiting factor for plant growth. AM fungi are obligate biotrophs that receive all their carbon intake from the plant, which is estimated at up to 20% of the plant’s photosynthate. Symbiotic associations with AM fungi date back to over 400 million years ago and can be formed by 70% to 72% of extant land plant species. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ĭyclo-DOPA 5- O-glucosyltransferase cyclo-DOPA,ĥ-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-β-D-glucuronid acidĪrbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi of the subphylum Glomeromycotina are soil fungi that engage in symbiosis with land plants. ![]() This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by an iCASE BBSRC-DTP (RG88096) sponsored by Coca-Cola to S.F.B & A.T., Gatsby Charitable Foundation (GAT3395/GLD) and Royal Society (UF110073, UF160413) to S.S., and a Natural Environmental Research Council Independent Research Fellowship (NE/K009303) to S.F.B. Received: AugAccepted: JPublished: July 14, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Timoneda et al. PLoS Biol 19(7):Īcademic Editor: Xinnian Dong, Duke University, UNITED STATES We present MycoRed, a useful innovative method that will expand and complement currently used fungal visualisation techniques to advance knowledge in the field of AM symbiosis.Ĭitation: Timoneda A, Yunusov T, Quan C, Gavrin A, Brockington SF, Schornack S (2021) MycoRed: Betalain pigments enable in vivo real-time visualisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. In a rhizotron setup, we also demonstrate that betalain staining allows for the noninvasive tracing of fungal colonisation along the root system over time. We show that betalain colouration is specifically induced in root tissues and cells where fungal colonisation has occurred. Using established and novel AM-responsive promoters, we assembled multigene reporter constructs that enable the AM-controlled expression of the core betalain synthesis genes. To this end, we demonstrate the use of betalain pigments as in vivo visual markers for the occurrence and distribution of AM fungal colonisation by Rhizophagus irregularis in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana benthamiana roots. However, improving AM fungal association in crop species requires a fundamental understanding of host colonisation dynamics across varying agronomic and ecological contexts. AM symbiosis is a fundamental and widespread trait in plants with the potential to sustainably enhance future crop yields. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are mutualistic interactions formed between soil fungi and plant roots.
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